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中西方历史发展和根源

 
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西方的封建领主制和中国的封建领主制是在不同的历史背景下建立的,但是同样都是在统一国家的国王无力进行全国管理得情况下建立的,西方的封建领主制建立的背景是经济落后,商业交流匮乏,这种背景并不是自身导致的,而是由于蛮族入侵和穆斯林的入侵导致的,和中国一样,他们也需要重新统一,但是到达拥有统一能力的时候,西方已经是多元化了,这种多元化被封建领主制度所促进,因此这种生产力和政治制度的同步发展最终形成了现代欧洲;中国的封建领主制建立的背景和欧洲一样,不同的是造成这种背景的原因并不是外部的入侵,而是当时中国区域内相对于其它地方的优越和绝对的落后,中国地理环境要比欧洲优越,但是在公元前 10 世纪之前,生产力还远没有到达可以利用这种优势的地步,经济落后就导致了政治统治占据上风,中国政治制度由于没有经济发展导致的工商业的制约,于是产生了帝国结构,过于早熟的帝国结构没有经济能力支撑,于是建立了分封制,之后政治优势一直存在,直到统一的帝国再成趋时时,多元化早已远去了,封建领主制被封建地主制代替,剥夺了土地上的司法民主,仅仅留下了一个以土地为依托的经济体。封建地主制度最终造成了对政治对经济的阻碍,地主拥有土地生产资料,可以生产任何可生产的产品,但是却对产品没有更多别的权力,所有关卡都属于国家,所有的商品流通税统一由国家征收,政治的中央集权和经济的地区分化不相匹配,即使宋朝期间出现了商业思潮,然而仅仅靠自上而下的改革是行不通的,再说当时的政府提倡商业是为了巩固国防,类似王安石变法这种改革是注定要失败的,反观西方的封建领主制度却产生了多元化民主政治,这不得不从可接近性上寻找其根本原因。下图表示了中国和西欧的历史发展曲线:

中国和欧洲的历史发展曲线

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可以看出不论中国还是欧洲的曲线都不是平滑的,这种不平滑主要表现在各国的王朝更替上,需要指出的是,由于古罗马的帝国式统治加之教会于国家之上的统治,直到 18 世纪末,国家的概念才进入普通人的心,之前的时间里欧洲的人们并不了解或者并不在意自己是哪个国家的,虽然蛮族和穆斯林以及诺曼人入侵了西欧和南部欧洲,然而对于普通人来讲,入侵的影响仅仅在于生活更加贫困了。如果西方没有所谓的可接近性,一直由罗马统治到今天的话,那么民主政治也是不可想象的,商业也不会发展,但是,如果没有可接近性,罗马本身就不会存在,即使存在也不会继承希腊的文明,事实上根本就不会也希腊文明,迈锡尼和克里特文明也要么不会存在要么不会发展,可能只有美索不达米亚文明孤独的存在。

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